Real-world impact of chemotherapy on overall survival in craniomaxillofacial osteosarcoma.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to identify the survival benefit of chemotherapy in craniomaxillofacial osteosarcoma (CMFO) patients based on a US population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to select patients with CMFO from 1988 to 2016. Age and tumor size were grouped by X-tail. Cox analysis were used to estimate hazards ratios (HR) among patients. All of patients were divided into two cohorts by using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy. All prognostic factors were included in the nomograms which predict the median survival time. RESULTS: 410 patients were included in our study. The results of survival rate, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression were showed no significant difference between the group of chemotherapy performed and the group without chemotherapy. PSM analysis also demonstrated the limited survival advantage of chemotherapy. Moreover, all factors were further incorporated to construct the novel nomograms and its concordance indices (C-index) for internal validation of OS prediction were 0.749 (95 %CI:0.731-0.767). CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not show the advantage of chemotherapy on the overall survival outcome of CMFO. Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy was currently recommended in clinical treatment, more rigorous randomized controlled trials are still needed. Nomograms would assist clinicians in making more accurate survival evaluation and choosing the optimal medical treatment.

Characterization of a pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related virus isolate that uses the human ACE2 receptor.

Various SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses have been increasingly identified in pangolins, showing a potential threat to humans. Here we report the infectivity and pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2-related virus, PCoV-GX/P2V, which was isolated from a Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica). PCoV-GX/P2V could grow in human hepatoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, and human primary nasal epithelial cells. It replicated more efficiently in cells expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as SARS-CoV-2 did. After intranasal inoculation to the hACE2-transgenic mice, PCoV-GX/P2V not only replicated in nasal turbinate and lungs, but also caused interstitial pneumonia, characterized by infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells and multifocal alveolar hemorrhage. Existing population immunity established by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination may not protect people from PCoV-GX/P2V infection. These findings further verify the hACE2 utility of PCoV-GX/P2V by in vivo experiments using authentic viruses and highlight the importance for intensive surveillance to prevent possible cross-species transmission.

Ononin promotes radiosensitivity in lung cancer by inhibiting HIF-1α/VEGF pathway.

BACKGROUND: In our previous study, we provided evidence that Astragalus mongholicus Bunge(AM) and its extracts possess a protective capability against radiation-induced damage, potentially mediated through the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). However, we were pleasantly surprised to discover during our experimentation that AM not only offers protection against radiation damage but also exhibits a radiation sensitization effect. This effect may be attributed to a specific small molecule present in AM known as ononin. Currently, radiation sensitizers are predominantly found in nitrazole drugs and nanomaterials, with no existing reports on the radiation sensitization properties of ononin, nor its underlying mechanism. PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the sensitization effect of the small molecule ononin derived from AM on lung cancer radiotherapy, elucidating its specific molecular mechanism of action. Additionally, the safety profile of combining astragalus small molecule ononin with radiation therapy will be evaluated. METHODS: The effective concentration of ononin was determined through cell survival experiments, and the impact of ononin combined with varying doses of radiation on lung cancer cells was observed using CCK-8 and cell cloning experiments. The apoptotic effect of ononin combined with radiation on lung cancer cells was assessed using Hochester staining, flow cytometry, and WB assay. Additionally, WB and immunofluorescence analysis were conducted to investigate the influence of ononin on HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. Furthermore, Molecular Dynamics Simulation was employed to validate the targeted binding ability of ononin and HIF-1α. A lung cancer cell line was established to investigate the effects of knockdown and overexpression of HIF-1α. Subsequently, the experiment was repeated using tumor bearing nude mice and C57BL/6 mouse models in an in vivo study. Tumor volume was measured using a vernier caliper, while HE, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to observe the effects of ononin combined with radiation on tumor morphology, proliferation, and apoptosis. Additionally, Immunofluorescence was employed to examine the impact of ononin on HIF-1α/VEGF pathway in vivo, and its effect on liver function in mice was assessed through biochemistry analysis. RESULTS: At a concentration of 25 µM, ononin did not affect the proliferation of lung epithelial cells but inhibited the survival of lung cancer cells. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the combination of ononin and radiation could effectively inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells, induce apoptosis, and suppress the excessive activation of the Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha/Vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. In vivo experiments showed that the combination of ononin and radiation reduced the size and proliferation of lung cancer tumors, promoted cancer cell apoptosis, mitigated abnormal activation of the Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha pathway, and protected against liver function damage. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that the combination of AM and its small molecule ononin can enhance the sensitivity of lung cancer to radiation. Additionally, it has been observed that this combination can specifically target HIF-1α and exert its effects. Notably, ononin exhibits the unique ability to protect liver function from damage while simultaneously enhancing the tumor-killing effects of radiation, thereby demonstrating a synergistic and detoxifying role in tumor radiotherapy. These findings contribute to the establishment of a solid basis for the development of novel radiation sensitizers derived from traditional Chinese medicine.

OGG1 prevents atherosclerosis-induced vascular endothelial cell injury through mediating DNA damage repair.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the role of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) in preventing atherosclerosis-induced vascular EC injury, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the exploration of drug targets and treatment methods for atherosclerosis. METHODS: Human umbilical vein cell line (EA.hy926) was treated with ox-LDL to construct an in vitro atherosclerotic cell model. pcDNA3.1-OGG1 was transfected into EA.hy926 cells to overexpress OGG1. qRT-PCR, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, oil red O staining, ELISA, comet assay and western blot were used to evaluate the OGG1 expression, viability, apoptosis level, lipid droplet content, 8-OHdG level and DNA damage of cells in each group. RESULTS: Compared with the Control group, ox-LDL stimulation of endothelial cells significantly decreased cell viability, promoted apoptosis and DNA damage, and increased intracellular levels of 8-OHdG and γH2AX, while decreasing protein levels of PPARγ, FASN, FABP4, RAD51 and POLB. However, overexpression of OGG1 can significantly inhibit ox-LDL damage to endothelial cells, promote lipid metabolism, decrease lipid droplet content, and improve DNA repair function. CONCLUSION: Over-expression of OGG1 improves DNA repair. Briefly, OGG1 over-expression enhances the DNA damage repair of ECs by regulating the expression levels of γH2AX, RAD51 and POLB, thereby enhancing cell viability and reducing apoptosis.

Associations of prenatal exposure to bisphenols with BMI growth trajectories in offspring within the first two years: evidence from a birth cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal bisphenol exposure has been reported to be associated with lower birth weight and obesity-related indicators in early childhood. These findings warrant an investigation of the relationship between prenatal bisphenol exposure and the dynamic growth of offspring. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of maternal bisphenol concentration in urine with the body mass index (BMI) growth trajectory of children aged up to two years and to identify the critical exposure periods. METHODS: A total of 826 mother-offspring pairs were recruited from Wuhan Children's Hospital between November 2013 and March 2015. Maternal urine samples collected during the first, second, and third trimesters were analyzed for bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S, and bisphenol F (BPF) concentrations. Measurements of length and weight were taken at 0, 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months. Children's BMI was standardized using the World Health Organization reference, and group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify BMI growth trajectories. The associations between prenatal bisphenol exposure and BMI growth trajectory patterns were assessed using multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS: The BMI growth trajectories of the 826 children were categorized into four patterns: low-stable (n = 134, 16.2%), low-increasing (n = 142, 17.2%), moderate-stable (n = 350, 42.4%), and moderate-increasing (n = 200, 24.2%). After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed that prenatal exposure to BPA during the second trimester [odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-4.43] and BPF during the third trimester (OR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.55-6.95) at the highest quartile concentration were associated with an increased likelihood of the low-increasing BMI trajectory. Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis by infant sex, the positive association between the highest quartile of prenatal average urinary BPF concentration during the whole pregnancy and the low-increasing BMI trajectory was found only in girls (OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.04-7.68). CONCLUSION: Our study findings suggest that prenatal exposure to BPA and BPF (a commonly used substitute for BPA) is associated with BMI growth trajectories in offspring during the first two years, increasing the likelihood of the low-increasing pattern. Video Abstract (MP4 120033 kb).

Review: Mechanisms and perspective treatment of radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer.

Radiotherapy is the major treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The radioresistance and toxicity are the main obstacles that leading to therapeutic failure and poor prognosis. Oncogenic mutation, cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor hypoxia, DNA damage repair, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor microenvironment (TME) may dominate the occurrence of radioresistance at different stages of radiotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs, targeted drugs, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are combined with radiotherapy to treat NSCLC to improve the efficacy. This article reviews the potential mechanism of radioresistance in NSCLC, and discusses the current drug research to overcome radioresistance and the advantages of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in improving the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of radiotherapy.

Effects of substrate topography on the regulation of human fibroblasts and capsule formation via modulating macrophage polarization.

The host-material interface is critical in determining the successful integration of medical devices into human tissue. The surface topography can regulate the fibrous capsule formation around implants through macrophage polarization, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, four types of microgrooves (10 or 50 µm in groove depths and 50 or 200 µm in groove widths) were fabricated on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using lithography. The microgroove surfaces were characterized using the laser scanning confocal microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of surface topography on macrophage phenotypes and conditioned medium (CM) collected from macrophages on human foreskin fibroblast 1 (HFF-1) were investigated. The result revealed that a deeper and narrower microgroove structure means a rougher surface. Macrophages tended to adhere and aggregate on group 50-50 surface (groove depths and widths of 50 µm). THP-1 cell polarized toward both inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages on the surface of each group. Meanwhile, CM from macrophages culture on PDMS differentially up-regulated the proliferation, migration and fibrosis of HFF-1. Among them, the group 50-50 had the strongest promoting effect. In vivo, the inflammatory response and fibrotic capsule around the implants were observed at 1 week and 4 weeks. As time passed, the inflammatory response decreased, while the capsule thickness continued to increase. The rough material surface was more inclined to develop a severe fibrotic encapsulation. In conclusion, this finding further suggested a potential immunomodulatory effect of macrophages in mediating the fibrotic response to implants and facilitated the design of biomaterial interfaces for improving tissue integration.

Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect on the Genome of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Lung Cancer.

Aims: Radiation by-radiation effect (RIBE) can induce the genomic instability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) adjacent to lung cancer, and this effect not only exists in the short-term, but also accompanies it in the long-term, but its specific mechanism is not clear. Our goal is to explore the similarities and differences in the mechanism of genomic damage in tumor-associated BMSCs induced by short-term and long-term RIBE, and to provide a theoretical basis for adjuvant drugs for protection against RIBE at different clinical time periods. Results: We found that both short- and long-term RIBE induced genomic instability. We could show a high expression of TGF-ß1, TNF-α, and HIF-1α in tumor-associated BMSCs after short-term RIBE whereas only TNF-α and HIF-1α expression was increased in long-term RIBE. We further confirmed that genomic instability is associated with the activation of the HIF-1α pathway and that this is mediated by TNF-α and TGF-ß1. In addition, we found differences in the mechanisms of genomic instability in the considered RIBE windows of analysis. In short-term RIBE, both TNF-α and TGF-ß1 play a role, whereas only TNF-α plays a decisive role in long-term RIBE. In addition, there were differences in BMSC recruitment and genomic instability of different tissues with a more pronounced expression in tumor and bone marrow than compared to lung. Innovation and Conclusion: We could show dynamic changes in the expression of the cytokines TGF-ß1 and TNF-α during short- and long-term RIBE. The differential expression of the two is the key to causing the genomic damage of tumor-associated BMSCs in the considered windows of analysis. Therefore, these results may serve as a guideline for the administration of radiation protection adjuvant drugs at different clinical stages. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 747-767.

Influence of childhood trauma on adolescent internet addiction: The mediating roles of loneliness and negative coping styles.

BACKGROUND: In the information age, the use of the internet and multimedia tools has large effects on the life of middle school students. Improper use of the internet may result in internet addiction (IA). Thus, actively exploring the factors influencing adolescent and the mechanism of addiction as well as promoting adolescent physical and mental health and academic development are priorities that families, schools, and society urgently need to address. AIM: To explore the effect of childhood trauma on adolescent IA and to consider the roles of loneliness and negative coping styles. METHODS: A total of 11310 students from six junior high schools in Henan, China, completed the child trauma questionnaire, IA test, loneliness scale, and simple coping style questionnaire. In addition, data were collected from 1044 adolescents with childhood trauma for analysis with IBM SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 28.0; we examined the relationships among childhood trauma, IA, loneliness, and negative coping styles. RESULTS: We found that childhood trauma not only directly affected adolescents' IA but also affected IA through loneliness and negative coping styles. CONCLUSION: Therefore, this study has theoretical implications regarding adolescent mental health and may inform interventions for IA.

Development and application of light-controlled inducible recombination systems.

The site-specific recombination systems are composed of recombinases and specific recognition sites, which are powerful tools for gene manipulation and have been extensively used in life sciences research. Inducible recombination systems have been developed to precisely regulate gene expression in a spatiotemporal manner in cells and animals for applications such as gene function research, cell lineage tracing and disease treatment. Based on different spatiotemporal expression methods of recombinases, inducible recombination systems can be divided into two categories: chemical- controlled and light-controlled inductions. Light-controlled inducible recombination systems that utilize light as inducer consist of photocage and optogenetics in accordance with optical control patterns and objects. Photocaged inducible recombination systems are using photosensitive groups to control chemical inducers or recombinases. Their activities are inhibited by photosensitive groups before light induction and recovered after specific light irradiation, leading to light-controlled inducible gene recombination. While optogenetic inducible recombination systems rely on reactivations of split recombinases that mediated by optogenetic switches. Optogenetic switches are composed of a series of gene-encoded photosensitive proteins, including cryptochromes, VIVID, phytochromes, etc. These types of light-controlled inducible recombination systems provide more possibilities for analyzing gene expression and function from the dimension of high spatiotemporal resolution to meet the increasingly complex demands of life science research. In this review, we summarize the developing principles and applications of different types of light-controlled inducible recombination systems, compare their advantages and disadvantages, and prospect the development of more light-controlled recombination systems in the future, with the aims to provide theoretical basis and guidance for system optimization and upgrade.

Influence of Ru on structure and corrosion behavior of passive film on Ti-6Al-4V alloy in oil and gas exploration conditions.

In order to investigate the influence of minor Ru on the electrochemical behaviour and structural characteristics of passive films on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloys under various oil and gas exploration conditions, electrochemical techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and corrosion simulation tests were carried out. The results revealed that the oil and gas exploration conditions had a serious impact on the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the tested alloys. The passivation film resistance and corrosion potential of the tested titanium alloys were significantly reduced with increasing acidity and temperature. With the addition of minor ruthenium, the potential of the passive film on the Ti-6Al-4V-0.11Ru alloy surface increased because of the high surface potential of the ruthenium element. The contents of metallic ruthenium and tetravalent titanium oxide TiO2 in the surface film of the Ti-6Al-4V-0.11Ru alloy both increased with increasing temperature, which led to increase the thickness, stability, corrosion resistance and repairability of the passive film on the surface of the Ti-6Al-4V-0.11Ru alloy being better than those qualities of Ti-6Al-4V. These results were also confirmed by corrosion simulation tests.

Integration of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals indigo biosynthesis in Phaius flavus flowers under freezing treatment.

Background: Indigo-containing plant tissues change blue after a freezing treatment, which is accompanied by changes in indigo and its related compounds. Phaius flavus is one of the few monocot plants containing indigo. The change to blue after freezing was described to explore the biosynthesis of indigo in P. flavus. Methods: In this study, we surveyed the dynamic change of P. flavus flower metabolomics and transcriptomics. Results: The non-targeted metabolomics and targeted metabolomics results revealed a total of 98 different metabolites, the contents of indole, indican, indigo, and indirubin were significantly different after the change to blue from the freezing treatment. A transcriptome analysis screened ten different genes related to indigo upstream biosynthesis, including three anthranilate synthase genes, two phosphoribosyl-anthranilate isomerase genes, one indole-3-glycerolphosphate synthase gene, five tryptophan synthase genes. In addition, we further candidate 37 cytochrome P450 enzyme genes, one uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase gene, and 24 ß-D-glucosidase genes were screened that may have participated in the downstream biosynthesis of indigo. This study explained the changes of indigo-related compounds at the metabolic level and gene expression level during the process of P. flavus under freezing and provided new insights for increasing the production of indigo-related compounds in P. flavus. In addition, transcriptome sequencing provides the basis for functional verification of the indigo biosynthesis key genes in P. flavus.

In Vivo and In Vitro Fibroblasts' Behavior and Capsular Formation in Correlation with Smooth and Textured Silicone Surfaces.

BACKGROUND: As the most principal complication following breast augmentation with silicone breast implants, capsular contracture is greatly influenced by surface texture. However, there have long been widespread debates on the function of smooth or textured surface implants in reducing capsular contracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three commercially available silicone breast implants with smooth and textured surfaces were subjected to surface characterization, and in vitro and in vivo assessments were then implemented to investigate the effect of these different surfaces on the biological behaviors of fibroblasts and capsular formation in rat models. RESULTS: Surface characterization demonstrated that all three samples were hydrophobic with distinct roughness values. Comparing the interactions of fibroblasts or tissues with different surfaces, we observed that as surface roughness increased, the adhesion and cell spreading of fibroblasts, the level of echogenicity, the density of collagen and α-SMA-positive immunoreactivity decreased, while the proliferation of fibroblasts and capsule thickness increased. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings elucidated that the effect of silicone implant surface texture on fibroblasts' behaviors and capsular formation was associated with variations in surface roughness, and the number of myofibroblasts may have a more significant influence on the process of contracture than capsule thickness in the early stage of capsular formation. These results highlight that targeting myofibroblasts may be wielded in the prevention and treatment strategies of capsular contracture clinically. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

A rare case of male Fournier's gangrene with mixed Actinomyces turicensis infection.

BACKGROUND: Fournier's gangrene (FG), a urological emergency with high mortality, is an infectious necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal and genital regions. The majority of FG is caused by polymicrobial organisms involving mixed aerobes and anaerobes but rarely reveals Actinomyces species. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a healthy 67-year-old Asian male who presented with rapidly progressive painful swelling of the scrotum. Clinically diagnosed with FG, the patient underwent an emergency radical debridement, followed by broad-spectrum antibiotics and negative pressure wound therapy. The identification of the causative microorganisms showed Actinomyces turicensis and the antibiotic treatment was adjusted accordingly. After wound bed preparation, we took split-thickness skin grafts to cover the scrotal wound. Active management to minimize faecal contamination was applied throughout the whole course of treatment and repair. The patient was satisfied with the outcome. This was an extremely rare case of A. turicensis as the main causative pathogen of FG. CONCLUSIONS: FG due to Actinomyces species is rarely reported, but we should still consider this pathogenic microorganism that has long been neglected.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiles of bZIP Genes in Cannabis sativa L.

Background: The bZIP gene family plays roles in biotic and abiotic stress, secondary metabolism, and other aspects in plants. They have been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Artemisia annua, and other plants, but their roles in Cannabis sativa have not been determined. Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed the genome-wide identification and expression profile of the bZIP gene family in C. sativa. Results: A total of 51 members of the bZIP gene family were identified based on the C. sativa genome and numbered in order from CsbZIP1 to CsbZIP51. Their phylogenetic relationships, cis-elements in promoter region, gene structures and motif compositions, physicochemical properties, chromosome locations, and expression profiles, were analyzed. The results showed that the 51 CsbZIPs were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes and could be clustered into 11 subfamilies. Furthermore, CsbZIPs located in the same subfamilies presented similar intron/exon organization and motif composition. The expression levels of CsbZIPs in various tissues (flowers, bracts, vegetative leaves, stems, and seeds) were determined using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels of CsbZIPs were higher in flowers and bracts. The 51 CsbZIPs were explored, and their structure, evolution, and expression pattern in different tissues of C. sativa were characterized synthetically. The findings indicated that CsbZIPs are essential for the growth and development of C. sativa. Conclusions: These results provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research on hemp bZIP transcription factors and the cultivation of high-cannabidiol and low-tetrahydrocannabinol high-quality cannabis varieties.

FLAIR vascular hyperintensity predicts early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke receiving endovascular thrombectomy.

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery vascular hyperintensity (FVH) is frequently observed in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). FVH is associated with functional outcome at 3 months in AIS patients receiving endovascular thrombectomy. In the present study, we assessed whether FVH predicted early neurological deterioration (END) and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) within 72 h in AIS patients receiving endovascular thrombectomy. We retrospectively analyzed 104 patients with acute internal-carotid-artery or proximal middle-cerebral-artery occlusion within 16 h after symptom onset. Before thrombectomy, all patients underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. END was defined as an increase of 4 points or more from baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) during 72 h following onset. HT was assessed by brain computed tomography. Statistical analyses were performed to predict END and HT. The proportion of high FVH score, high American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology (ASITN/SIR) grade in non-END group was higher than that in END group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). FVH score was positively correlated with ASITN/SIR grade (r = 0.461, p < 0.001). FVH score was a predictor factor for END (adjusted OR, 13.552; 95% CI, 2.408-76.260; p = 0.003), while FVH score was not a predictor factor for HT. Furthermore, NIHSS at admission (adjusted OR, 1.112; 95% CI, 1.006-1.228; p = 0.038) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (adjusted OR, 18.865; 95% CI, 2.998-118.683; p = 0.002) were predictor factors for HT. To assess FVH score before thrombectomy might be useful for predicting END in AIS patients receiving endovascular thrombectomy.

Long-term stability and protection efficacy of the RBD-targeting COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in nonhuman primates.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology has shown its power in preventing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Two mRNA vaccines targeting the full-length S protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been authorized for emergency use. Recently, we have developed a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA-LNP) encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 (termed ARCoV), which confers complete protection in mouse model. Herein, we further characterized the protection efficacy of ARCoV in nonhuman primates and the long-term stability under normal refrigerator temperature. Intramuscular immunization of two doses of ARCoV elicited robust neutralizing antibodies as well as cellular response against SARS-CoV-2 in cynomolgus macaques. More importantly, ARCoV vaccination in macaques significantly protected animals from acute lung lesions caused by SARS-CoV-2, and viral replication in lungs and secretion in nasal swabs were completely cleared in all animals immunized with low or high doses of ARCoV. No evidence of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection was observed throughout the study. Finally, extensive stability assays showed that ARCoV can be stored at 2-8 °C for at least 6 months without decrease of immunogenicity. All these promising results strongly support the ongoing clinical trial.